A Brief History of Operations Research
11صفحه
Operations Research has had undertakings as early as the third century when Hieron, King of Syracuse, asked Archimedes to devise means for breaking the Roman naval siege of his city but more clear examples of OR were evident during WWI when political figures made attempts to analyze military operations mathematically. World War II marked the beginning of Operations Research as an organized research. Britain was the first to utilize OR because they already had an OR organization in existence. OR finally crossed the Atlantic to the America’s a few months later as both the Army Air Forces and the Navy began work to analyze different war time situations. After the war, OR proved to be very successful that many military operations were faced with considerations on how to continue their field of study and groups were formed within the military structure to continue research. The economic situation that the war had caused began conversion of industries from wartime production to production of goods for the private consumer. The transition from war to peace created a highly competitive economy. Businesses needed to be efficient and profitable. This caused business to analyze their business operations and thus OR found another home.
As discussed above, OR began in the military and then emerged in all aspects of government. It then spread to the banking and financial districts, airlines, and car manufactures. Now it is present in every industry. Operations Research involves many facets of discipline and tends to consider new courses of action to take that make changes to an organization over long periods of time. As one knows, change doesn’t happen over-night.
What is Operations Research?
Since the operating systems studied by OR specialists arose in a wide variety of industries and government environments. It follows that the results of their research frequently make important contributions to the solution of problems of choice, policy, and planning. It can be determined that OR is a flexible and powerful tool to management in improving their operations. The methods of Operations Research were rooted in the basics of science. . An OR team (in some companies this may be a single individual) consists of trained researchers that incorporate their own techniques and methods from their fields to the basics of science. The first step is to formulate the problem, after which a mathematical model is generally constructed to represent the system being studied. Mathematical models, or conceptual models, are usually equations or formulae developed to relate important factors of the operations studied. The factors can then be tested, and operated on mathematically to determine the effects of changing the values of the variables. Basically, OR can be characterized with the follo
مدیریت فنی ENGR801
تاریخچه کوتاهی از پژوهش در عملیاتی (OR)
تحقیق در عملیات در قرن سوم زمانی که شاهHieron ازArchimedes خواست که وسیله ای برای شکستن محاصره دریایی روم تدبیر کند اقداماتی داشته است اما نمونه ای روشن OR (تحقیق عملیاتی) در طی جنگ جهانی اول مشهود بود ، زمانی که سیاستمداران سعی داشتند عملیات ارتش را بقانون ریاضی تجزیه و تحلیل کنند . جنگ جهانی دوم آغاز تحقیقات عملیاتی را به عنوان یک تحقیق سازمان دهی شده مشخص می کند . بریتانیا اولین کشوری بود که OR را مورد استفاده قرار داد زیرا از قبل یک سازمان دهی OR داشتند . و نهایتا در ماههای بعد زمانی که نیروهای ارتش هوائی و دریایی شروع به تجزیه و تحلیل موقعیت های مختلف جنگ کردند ، OR به آتلانتیک و آمریکا هم رسید . پس از جنگ موفقیت OR به اثبات رسید بطوری که بسیاری از عملیات نظامی به این فکر می کردند که چگونه زمینه مطالعاتی خود را ادامه دهند و درون ساختار نظامی گروههایی برای ادامه تحقیقات شکل گرفت . موقعیت اقتصادی که به علت جنگ بوجود آمده بود شروع به تغییر صنایع از تولیدات دوران جنگ به تولید کالاهایی برای مصرف کنندگان خصوصی نمود. انتقال از دوران جنگ به صلح یک اقتصاد رقابت جویانه را ایجاد کرد . تجارت باید کار آترو سودمندتر می شد این امر باعث شد تجارتخانه ها و شرکتها عملیات تجاری خود را تحلیل کنند و بدین ترتیب OR جایگاه دیگری یافت .
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